Footnotes

1 Pope CA, Ezzoti M, Dockery DW. Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:376-86

2 California Air Resources Board (CARB). Methodology for Estimating Premature Deaths Associated with Long-term Exposure to Fine Airborne Particulate Matter in California: Staff Report. October 24, 2008. Available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/pm-

3 Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Ranft U, Gehring U, Heinrich J, Wichmann H-E, Krämer U. Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women. Respiratory Research 2005; 6:152-161. ; Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:447-458; Gehring U, Heinrich J, Krämer U, Grote V, Hochadel M, Sugiri D, Kraft M, Rauchfuss K, Eberwein HG, Wichmann H-E. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women. Epidemiology 2006;17:545-551.; Franklin M, Zeka A, Schwartz J. Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities. J Expo Sci Enviorn Epidemiol 2007; 17: 279-287.

4 Tonne C, Melly S, Mittleman M, Coull B, Goldberg R, Schwartz J. A Case-Control Analysis of Exposure to Traffic and Acute Myocardial Infarction. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:53-57; Morgenstern V, Zutavern A, Cyrus J, Brokow I, Koletzko S, Krämer U, Behrendt H, Herbarth O, von Berg A, Bauer CP, Wichmaqnn H-E, Heinrich J, for the GINI Study Group and the LISA Study Group. Atopic Diseases, Allergic Sensitization, and Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution in Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 1331-1337; Brauer MLencar C, Tambruic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Karr C. A Cohort Study of Traffic-Related Air Pollution Impacts on Birth Outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:680-686; de Medeiros AP, Gouveia N, Machado RP, de Souza MR, Alencar GP, Novaes HM, de Almeida MF. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Perinatal Mortality: A Case-Control Study. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117: 127-132.

5 Committee on Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction Benefits from Decreasing Tropospheric Ozone Exposure, National Research Council. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution, 2008. Available at www.nap.edu/catalog/12198.html.

6 Bell ML, Dominici F. Effect Modification by Community Characteristics on the Short-term Effects of Ozone Exposure and Mortality in 98 US Communities. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167: 986-997.

7 Laden F, Hart JE, Smith TJ, Davis ME, Garshick E. Cause-Specific Mortality in the Unionized U.S. Trucking Industry. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115: 1192-1196; Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Rosner B, Smith TJ, Dockery DW, Speizer FW. Lung Cancer in Railroad Workers Exposed to Diesel Exhaust. Environ Health Perspect 2004: 112: 1539-1543; Laden F, Hart JE, Eschenroeder A, Smith TJ, Garshick E. Historical Estimation of Diesel Exhaust Exposure in a Cohort Study of U.S. Railroad Workers and Lung Cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17: 911-919; Hart JE, Laden F, Schenker MB, Garshick E. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality in Diesel-Exposed Railroad Workers. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 1013-1017.

8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, October, 2004

9 U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

10 U.S. EPA, National Air Quality Status and Trends Through 2007. November 2008. EOA-454/R-08-006. Available at http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/2008/index.html.

11 U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

12 U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

13 Pope CA III, Dockery DW. Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect. J Air Waste Mange Assoc 2006; 56:709-742.

14 Pope et al, 2009.

15 Schwartz J, Coull B, Laden F, Ryan L. The Effect of Dose and Timing of Dose on the Association between Airborne Particles and Survival. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:64-69.

16 Pope and Dockery, 2006.

17 van Eeden SF, Yeung A, Quinlam K, and Hogg JC. Systemic Response to Ambient Particulate Matter: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2:61-67.

18 Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Samoli E, Gryparis A, Tuoloumi G, Peacock J, Anderson RH, Le Tertre A, Bobros J, Celko M, Goren A, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Rabczenko D, Perez Hoyos S, Wichmann HE, Katsouyanni K. The Temporal Pattern of Respiratory and Heart Disease Mortality in Response to Air Pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1188-1193. Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality: Timescale Effects in Four US Cities. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:1055-1065.

19 Franklin et al, 2007.

20 CARB, 2008.

21 Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. On the Use of Generalized Additive Models in Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:193-203.

22 Hong Y-C, Lee J-T, Kim H, Ha E-H, Schwartz J, Christiani DC. Effects of Air Pollutants on Acute Stroke Mortality. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:187-191.

23 Tsai SS, Goggins WB, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Evidence for an Association Between Air Pollution and Daily Stroke Admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003; 34: 2612-6.

24 Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Among Medicare Beneficiaries. Stroke 2005; 36:2549-2553.

25 Pope and Dockery, 2006.

26 D’Ippoliti D, Forastiere F, Ancona C, Agabity N, Fusco D, Michelozzi P, Perucci CA. Air Pollution and Myocardial Infarction in Rome: a case-crossover analysis. Epidemiology 2003;14:528-535. Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. The Effect of Particulate Air Pollution on Emergency Admissions for Myocardial Infarction: a multicity case-crossover analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:978-982.

27 Ghio AJ, Kim C, Devlin RB. Concentrated Ambient Air Particles Induce Mild Pulmonary Inflammation in Healthy Human Volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(3 Pt 1):981-988.

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29 Tsai et al, 2003.

30 Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Congestive Heart Failure in Seven United States Cities. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (3):404-408. Wellenius GA, Bateson TF, Mittleman MA, Schwartz J. Particulate Air Pollution and the Rate of Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure among Medicare Beneficiaries in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Am J Epidem 2005; 161:1030-1036.

31 Van Den Eeden SK, Quesenberry CP Jr, Shan J, Lurmann F. Particulate Air Pollution and Morbidity in the California Central Valley: a high particulate pollution region. Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, 2002.

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38 Pope CA III. Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: biological mechanisms and who’s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000;108: 713-723.

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44 Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution, JAMA 2002; 287(9):1132-1141.

45 Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Godleski JJ. Cardiovascular Mortality and Year-round Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation 2004; 109:71-77.

46 CARB, 2008.

47 Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Shepard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 447-458.

48 Miller et al, 2007. O’Neill MS, Veves A, Zanobetti A, Sarnat JA, Gold DR, Economides PA, Horton ES, Schwartz J. Diabetes Enhances Vulnerability to Particulate Air Pollution-Associated Impairment in Vascular Reactivity and Endothelial Function. Circulation 2005; 111:2913-2920. Zanobetti, A., and Schwartz, J. Are Diabetics More Susceptible to the Health Effects of Airborne Particles? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 831-833. National Research Council, National Academies of Science. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: IV. Continuing Research Progress 2004.

49 Laden et al, 2007.

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51 Thaller et al, 2008.

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56 National Research Council, 2008.

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